ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ืฉืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืคืจื˜ื™, ืื• PMI, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืงื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20% ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช FHA.

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ PMI: ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืœื•ื•ื”, ืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื. ืืชื” ืชืฉืœื ืžืจืืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื, ืขื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืœืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.

ื”ึทื’ื“ึธืจึธื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืœื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืง ืžืงื“ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” . ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื – ื›ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื›ื•'.

ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืคืจื˜ื™ืช (PMI), ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชื. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ื“ืœ, ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืขื™ืงื•ืœ.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ. ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื™ืฉืชืคืจื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช FHA ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช – ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื .

ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ PMI, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืงื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20% ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืœื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื•ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”; ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ื ืขื ืžืงื“ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื”. ืงื•ื•ื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•. ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืงื“ืžื” ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื ื•ืกื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื™ืชืื™ื. ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”.

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื–ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20% ืžืงื“ืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช FHA ื•-USDA; ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“.

ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช FHA ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื: ืคืจืžื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžืจืืฉ (UFMIP), ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืขืžืœื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”; ื•ืคืจืžื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉื ืชื™ืช (MIP), ื ื’ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœ-12 ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™. ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืงื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20% ืื• ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.

ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ืก ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœ-80%; ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• 20% ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ PMI; ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื•.

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื. ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ืžืงื“ืžื”, ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื™ืจื” – ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืื• ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืฉืœืš. ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœืš, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ.

ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20% ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืืฉืจืื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ; ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช PMI ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืขื ืžืงื“ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืจืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชื•ืช.

ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช FHA ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช; ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”-FHA ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืง ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœืš – ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš, ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื›ื›ื•ืช – ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื— ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชืš ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœืš.

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ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” – ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ: ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช, ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช, ื ื–ืงื™ ืžื™ื, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื”

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื”: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืงื™ ืืฉ, ืžื™ื, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื ื–ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืš ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•. ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป

ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”

ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”: ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™. ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”.

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืชื›ื•ืœื”

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืชื›ื•ืœื”: ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชืš ื•ืœืจื›ื•ืฉืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• – ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื, ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืงื™ ืืฉ, ืžื™ื, ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ

ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜: ืงื ื™ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช, ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื”

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป

ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•ืœื”?

ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉืžื— ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช

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